The Best Way Of Operation Of Bill Of Lading
在国际航运中,最常见、最重要的单证就是提单。对于 承运人 (包括船公司及其代理人)来说,提单是签发给 托运 人的货物收据。对于 托运 人来说,提单是物权凭证。沿海 港口 地区的提单流转,一般按正常程序进行。在最常见的跟单 信用证 结汇 方式中, 承运人 签发提单给 托运 人后,托运人将提单和信用证 一同交议付银行 结汇 。提单上列明的收货人要通过赎单手续取得提单,方可提货。
可是,内陆地区的托运人就会碰到一些麻烦。不少船公司为避免提单管理失控,往往没有指定内陆地区代理人为其签发提单,而是在货物启运港签发好提单再寄给内陆地区的托运人(即 港口 签单方式)。邮寄需要一段时间,某些情况下达数天之久,于是产生几点问题:
1. the shipper in the inland area received the bill of lading late, and it was late in the negotiation bank and there was interest loss.
2. the shipper in the inland area must send the bill of lading back to the port of shipment if the bill of lading is found to be in the wrong place after the receipt of the bill of lading. Far apart, difficult to communicate, and even forced to send someone to make a special trip to the port for correction.
3.有时 信用证 已到期,托运人只得用打错的提单去担保结汇,或在信用证过期后才拿到正确的提单,甚至在信用证过期后才拿到错的提单,被迫担保结汇,从而承担了巨大风险,陷于被动境地。根据世界通行的国际商会第500号出版物 规定 ,在此情况下,收货人可拒收货物、不付款或要求减价等。如收货人居心不良,托运人就要吃大亏。
4.为不误信用证的有效期,特别是装船日期与信用证有效期相隔很近时(这很常见),邮寄提单来不及, 承运人 和托运人有可能商议采用预借提单的作法。这时托运人就有了额外风险,要是出了特殊原因,货物未按计划装船,收货人可以向海事法院起诉,托运人和船公司在声誉上和经济上都可能受损。
针对以上情况,有的内陆地区采用了签发MEMO提单的 办法 。托运人委托内陆 货代 公司代办运输, 货代 公司向船公司订舱时,随附两份提单样本,一份是船公司的提单样本,一份是 货代 公司提单样本。前者在Consigneeoforder栏目中打上TOORDEROFTHEHOLDEROFORIGINALXXXB/L,NO□□□,其中XXX为货代公司全称,□□□为货代公司的提单编号,后者按正常情况缮制。
船公司在货装上船以后,照样本打好自己的正本提单(MEMO提单),寄内陆货代公司和托运人过目,再转寄收货人。船公司还须立即传真 通知 内陆货代公司船名、航次、船期,由其签发 船代 公司的正本提单供托运人结汇。收货人则通过正常赎单手续在银行取得货代公司的正本提单,加上托运人寄来的船公司提单,用两套提单去卸货港 码头 提货。
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